Class Prophecy of Batch 2010 in Morms.Doc Essay

Most of us would agree that the days we spent in high school were certainly the best days of our lives. Memorable ones I suggest. It was in high school that we made our grown-up friends, competed to excel, hoped for places in the sports team, toiled to lead in the student council, and yielded to take part in the school organ. It was also in high school when we first felt and experienced to love – puppy love as people say. Thus, it is indeed in this chapter that we learnt lessons about life; that what lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. And it is inevitable that we encounter obstacles along the way, from which we learn to fight and to be strong. The class of 2008 has come along way since the freshman year at San Francisco High School, and memories come flooding back every time we reminisce each high school happening. All of which were joyous, worth remembering and unique in their own right. I. Igniting the inner light – freshmen year Anxiety filled the air as freshmen wandered during the opening classes in San Francisco High School. All of whom were thinking who their adviser, teachers and classmates may be. And as the school bell rang, every freshman began to walk hurriedly along the school grounds to finally reach their destination – their new home. Thus, the meandering class of 2008 came together under one roof in the white walls of Molave Building. Consequently, here is where our story began. Everyone leapt unto their respective classrooms, and as they found themselves seats to sink in, murmurings started to conquer the place. Then a glaciating breeze seemed to stun every freshman and jerked them silent, way too different from the usual noisy chitchats, chants and laughter heard within the four corners of a classroom. The first day of classes in high school signifies that to be a freshman is to be in possession of a wonderful thing: time. There is time to figure out what you want to do with your life, time to figure out what books you want to read. There is time to make friends. This was the time of building friendships again, for each may have parted with old friends and that new sets of close acquaintances are to be developed. That I think is what being a freshman is all about – to begin again. Our freshmen year may have been unique compared to the other years for it was in our time when the school decorum or dress code was changed, so that the boys could wear black pants instead of kaki pants. It was also in our time when the Department of Education first launched a project to further intensify the form of education in public high schools: the Bridge Program. Yes, we will never forget this program. Every time we remember it, a painstaking examination flows back into our minds. And as days passed, we encountered several more mind-boggling and constraining tests to cogitate on. Take the National Achievement Test that welcomed us at our first year at SFHS as an example. But through all these, we came to the extent to study more, learn more and acquire more knowledge. Our days in San Francisco High School continued to pass by and progress started to set in to our school as it welcomed development and change. The usual flood-prone and muddy area by the entrance of the Molave Building was then transformed into something more accessible as the drainage was improved and pathways concretized. Likewise, the school cafeteria with dull, tedious and wearisome ambiance has become lively, bright and auspicious, but was unfortunately set on fire months after the renovation. Notwithstanding the aforementioned concerns, every freshman continued to weave a strong bond of relationships with their new classmates and schoolmates, overcoming the sadness they felt as they went separate ways amongst elementary friends. And the once aloof, coy, and cold-hearted freshmen were turned steadfastly amicable. Hence, this was the time of being true and showing who you really are . . . again. Sometimes our light goes out but is blown again into flame by an encounter with another human being. Each of us owes the deepest thanks to those who have rekindled and ignited this inner light. II. Shoreline of growing up – sophomore year Don’t be afraid to take a big step if one is indicated; you can’t cross a chasm in two small jumps. This is the time of schooling where learning requires maturity; where the playful freshmen turn out to be dreamers. And that these dreamers learn to plan for their lives – on what they desire to become and what paths they ought to take. It is in our sophomore year that we began to write our own plans and arrangements for our own future. As San Francisco High School welcomed back the class of 2008 for their sophomore year, the school then waved goodbye to Dr. Consolacion Montano, principal, as she moved to another high school. SFHS then warmly opened its gates for the arrival of their new head of authorities, for their new school principal, Dr. Milagros San Juan. This was surprisingly a news breaking event for the school at that moment. Time flew and San Francisco High School started to embrace changes and improvements initiated by the effort of the newly appointed principal of the school, Dr. San Juan. In the first three months of her service, she revised the mission-vision of the school focusing on academic excellence and the realization of students’ and teachers’ giftedness, which dramatically changed the attitudes of both the teachers and students. Also, Dr. San Juan organized an infrastructural set-up in the school to produce a more conducive learning environment among the students and in lieu of the pending condemnation of the old Narra Building. Indeed, through the collaborative endeavour of the school administrators, stakeholders and Quezon City Government, a four-storey 18-classroom building has started its structural foundation in San Francisco High School and has become operational in our junior year. Meanwhile, the Dao and PUP Buildings in SFHS underwent renovation for replacement of roofing and repainting. Clearly, Dr. San Juan’s vision for SFHS in pursuit for academic excellence beyond mediocrity has slowly made possible and she cited that SFHS will regain its pride in due time. It was also in the plight of Dr. San Juan’s arrival that SFHS first celebrated its founding anniversary after many years . . . after several decades. And from boring and tiresome schooldays, the students then enjoyed various school activities such as seminars, workshops, symposiums and trainings which honed their virtues and intellect, all necessary as they grow. The growing students of class 2008 have come to the point of hitching their wagons to a star. Believing that dreaming is the beginning of success, these sophomores then begun to mold their future in their young minds. It is clear that the future holds great opportunities. It also holds pitfalls. The trick of succeeding is to seize the opportunities and avoid the pitfalls. Opportunity comes only once, but when it does not knock, you must learn to build a door. Growing up is not that easy for growing requires valor and bravery as one meets challenges and hindrances along the way. It takes courage to grow up and become who you really are. III. Steering with countless effort – junior year The best helping hand that you will ever receive is the one at the end of your own arm. All downhill comes this year. It is circumstantial that in this chapter of high school life, a myriad of responsibilities is at par facing the junior students for here is where they are trained and honed in preparation for the duties that await them. All new academic school year at San Francisco High School and all new happenings for the juniors to encounter and celebrate. First was the transformation of the school library into something innovative as it coped with the technological advancements of the community – the school library went online. Thanks to the Quezon City Government and Quezon City Division of City Schools. Second in line was the commemoration of the school’s 49th founding anniversary – again, a day of joy and euphoria. Nevertheless, the feeling of excitement aroused upon each junior when the news about the Junior and Senior Promenade came about. February passed and March came. Finally the prom was held . . . after years. This most awaited moment was jam packed with programs, great music, tasty food, glamorous formal attires, and the highlight of the evening – the ball. Not to mention the turn-over ceremonies of responsibilities from seniors to juniors that indicates relief to the fourth years, but the beginning of busy schooldays for the third years. However, the night was then enjoyed with relish and zest by all, particularly the juniors, setting aside the duties that await them. The prom was over and each student went home with smiles on their faces. Looking back weeks before the prom, the Supreme Student Government (SSG), formerly Student Council had its election of new set of officers for the next academic school year. The positions from the President down to the year level representatives were opened to those who are willing to dedicate their service, time and effort for the school. All of which were struggled by the three competing party lists namely: Uno Kabataan, YOUNG and CUP. All were devoted to serve the school, but only a few were to be chosen. After a democratic school wide voting, the student body has elected their new leaders. The juniors turned leaders, Alexis Ailex Villamor Jr., President; Rose-lyn Ann Reyes, Vice-President; Leira Anne Nolasco, Secretary; Adelpha Gonzales, Treasurer; Armie Saces, Auditor; Judith Regine Santos, P.I.O; Mary Grace Papa, Peace Officer; and the so called â€Å"Magic Four†, Ma. Rose Solas, Ferdie Javier, Janine Joy Ilagan, and Kristine Joy Torela, fourth year representatives, then metamorphosed to responsible students for they ought to show off what they can do next year. Continuity of vision and specified goal are necessary requirements for upcoming seniors, significant aspects in striking the aim. Obstacles come at every chance and these are those frightful things that one sees when he takes his eyes off his goal. All that one can do is spit in the eye of his fears by living each day with as much passion and commitment as possible to what truly counts, such as love and justice. To give into the fear and hopelessness would be to declare defeat; something that one is not ready to do while there is still the will to struggle. To be nobody but yourself in a world which is doing its best, night and day, to make you everybody else means to fight the hardest battle which any human being can fight; and never stop fighting. Remember that we cannot direct the wind, but we can adjust the sail. All our dreams for our school, family and ourselves can come true . . . if we have the chivalry to pursue it. Go for it now. The future is promised to no one. IV. Setting adrift – senior year Do not follow where the path may lead. Go, instead, where there is no path and leave a trail. Senior year: the final lap. New dreams are to be dreamed; new hopes are to be hoped for, and a lot new works are to be worked on. The once little youngsters have now grown and became young adults, that from playing and chatting, they will now embark and handle over great responsibilities and obligations duly bequeathed unto them by the previous senior students. In line with their duties in school, they then approached the instance of making the hardest decision. That their future counts on the manifestation of this decision. Eventually, stories of triumph, success, loss and frustration are expected from this new journey. In preparation for the opening of classes, the Brigada Eskwela of San Francisco High School, spearheaded by the School Governing Council (SGC), went beyond the National School Maintenance Week and won 2nd place, welcoming the students with festal pleasure and felicity. This was made possible by the noble and spectacular work of the SGC. Gradually moving forward, the seniors went to school with vigor as the school year started. The first week of school was a mere catastrophe, if I may say. For the school cafeteria alongside the Narra Building was torn down accidentally by the SM construction team, leaving the area with looms of rocks, shuttered glasses and cluttered pieces of wood. However, the company vowed of replacing those that were destroyed in due time. However, classes continued and academic club elections were held, signifying more obligations for the seniors to deal with. Through the commitment of the Hon. Cong. Vincent â€Å"Bingbong† Crisologo to ensure that government resources entrusted under his discretion be utilized for the general welfare of the citizenry; he gracefully turned-over an audio-speech laboratory to the school for the productivity of the English language amongst students. The laboratory was built at the fourth floor of the SB Hall. Our profound gratitude to Congressman Crisologo! But our thoughts of gratitude have not stopped there, as part of San Francisco High School’s Anniversary Celebration, the SGC and SM Foundation jointly conducted medical-dental-optical missions last July and August, and it turned out to be a big success. Another record in school history. Thanks to the SGC’s continuing support, camaraderie and rapport! After all the effort of the School Governing Council, its time for the Supreme Student Government to step its foot in preparation for the school’s Golden Jubilee Celebration. To prove that the officers of the SSG were indeed capable of leading the school, the organization volunteered to preside and prepare the programs for the celebration. After several discussion and meetings, the SSG decided to hold a Sports Festival, which served as a treat to the students and teachers. They also came up with the theme: S.O.S (Save Our Students) – Needing collective efforts towards academic excellence, with the help of Dr. San Juan herself and Mrs. Virginia Amin. With only one week preparation, the SSG, administrators and stakeholders furnished out the program and other necessary materials and equipments for the celebration. The 29th of September came, and the 50th Founding Anniversary of San Francisco High School was successfully commemorated in spite of the not-so-friendly weather. Surely, happiness and enjoyment aboundingly invaded everyone’s hearts as they involve themselves in the historical event of the school. Other programs that kept students involved were: the Mr. and Ms. San Francisco ’07, the Leaders for Juan seminar and workshop, Books in Motion of the English Club, Poster, Logo and Slogan Making Competitions, Student Debate regarding Honesty, Industry and Nationalism, Tutorial Sessions, â€Å"Gulayan sa Paaralan† of the PTA and a lot more. Year 2008 was a leap year and with the phenomenal February 29, the 2008 Junior and Senior Promenade was held. Though the seniors’ excitement was not as much as last year’s, everyone still enjoyed the evening. Thus, emotion of sadness abound the dance floor as seniors danced along with slow music, knowing that this was the last prom that they would attend. Yet, tears have no place on the center stage when loud music jammed, breaking the silence. The celebration still continued as our days in San Francisco High School passed, for our batch has successfully brought honor and pride to the school as we reaped places in annual competitions: Secondary Schools Press Conferences: district , division and regional levels and qualified the national level, Student Technologists and Entrepreneurs of the Philippines (STEP) Skills Competitions: district and division levels, Values Education Competitions: district, division and national levels, Dance Competitions topped by the schools pride, Pamanadanse, Poster and Slogan Making Contests, Essay Writing and Oratorical Competitions outside school, Math Challenges, and in the SB Centrex, Center for Excellence – a help in regaining the school’s prowess. And we are happy that we would be leaving San Francisco High School a better place for what we have done and what we have been. Hence, as we set adrift, as we leave our Alma Mater, and as we venture through another life, we can presume that we have left a legacy; a trail that others may follow and an inspiration to those who are next in line. Graduation day is yet to come. Graduation day fills the heart with mixed feelings – fulfilment and sadness, anxiety and eagerness. Seniors will say goodbye to the comfortable and secure life within the high school walls. Everyone must get ready to march to the beat of college life. The uncertainty of the future looms large over new graduates as they spread out their wings. Armed with diplomas and idealistic dreams, they charge ahead with enthusiasm. The fireworks begin today. Each diploma is a lighted match. Each one of the graduates is a fuse. Each one then must dream no small dreams for they have no power to move the hearts of men. One must not be afraid on attaining great things. Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? We are children of God. Our small plays do not serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won’t feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine, as children do. We were born to make manifest the glory of God that is within us. It is not just in some of us; it is in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. Shoot for the moon, even if we miss, we’ll land among the stars; let us hit our goal so that he will hit his too. Commencement exercises are not the end; it’s just the beginning. And as the graduating class of 2008 dresses in identical caps and gowns, each and everyone would say with pride, â€Å"The tassel’s worth the hassle!† At this moment of our lives, our families are extremely proud of us. We can’t imagine the sense of relief they are experiencing. This must be a sign of farewell to friends, but let us not be dismayed at goodbyes. A farewell is necessary before you can meet again. And meeting again, after moments or lifetime, is certain for those who are friends. Well, it’s March 23, 2008, and our history doesn’t end here. As days move onward, we’ll throw off the bowlines and we’ll sail away from the safe harbor. . . Then our story will begin once more. Till we meet again. Arrivederci! For now, five days to go and we’ll set adrift, with a diploma for a sail and lots of nerve for oars.

Meaning to Your Name…Hehehe

What does the name â€Å"Magdeline† mean? A name is much more than just a name! M is for  musical, your hidden talent! A is for  absolute, for you know your mind. G is for  goal, your eye on the future. D is for  dazzle, the sparkle of you. E is for  excellence, your passion, your drive. L is for  luxury, the luxury of your smile. I is for  intense, your zest of living. N is for  neatness, your orderly way. E is for  exquisite, who could argue? What does the name â€Å"Gladys† mean? A name is much more than just a name! G is for  genial, a pleasing personality. L is for  luxury, the luxury of your smile.A is for  accomplished, in all that you do. D is for  dashing, the romantic you! Y is for  yearn, your innermost desires. S is for  sensible, the practical side What does the name â€Å"Magdeline† mean? A name is much more than just a name! (1991/11/20) M is for  munificent, for you are extremely liberal in giving. A is for  able, for you surely are. G is for  glitter, the spark that is you. D is for  dependable, on you I can rely. E is for  easy going, no ruffles here. L is for  lucky, who is more? I is for  impress, for impress you will. N is for  name, a pleasant one indeed. E is for  enchant, for enchant you will.What does the name â€Å"Catherine† mean? A name is much more than just a name! C is for  casual, no pretension here. A is for  affirm, the certainty of knowledge. T is for  treasure, that of your friendship. H is for  heavenly, your spirit is strong. E is for  elate, you make others happy. R is for  refreshing, the sparkling you. I is for  inspire, others seek your guidance. N is for  noble, your regal bearing. E is for  expressive, not one to hold within. The name  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Catherine†Ã‚  is of Greek origin and it means  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pure†. It’s a name commonly given to girls. What does the name â€Å"Cletuse† mean?A name is much more than just a name! C is for  confident, no doubts here! L is for  look, the way you look at life. E is for  excellence, your passion, your drive. T is for  treasure, of your friendship. U is for  upstanding, your inner-self. S is for  select, as few are chosen. E is for  elegant, born within you. What does the name â€Å"Alphoncina† mean? A name is much more than just a name! Ais for  accomplished, in all that you do. Lis for  laughter, you spread wherever you go. Pis for  passion, your fire! His for  hope, the encouragement you give. Ois for  outlook, pleasing to all. Nis for  nice, need I say more?Cis for  cuddle, those intimate moments you cherish. Iis for  impress, for impress you will. Nis for  nice, need I say more? Ais for  affirm, the certainty of knowledge. What does the name â€Å"Rethabile† mean? A name is much more than just a name! Ris for  realist, the way you are. Eis for  enjoy, your life can be fun! Tis for  trie d, tried and true you. His for  honor, your most valuable possession. Ais for  abundant, your cheer knows no bounds. Bis for  beloved, as you are to many. Iis for  instill, the lesson of life. Lis for  luxury, the luxury of your smile. Eis for  expressive, not one to hold within.

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Pigs are emotional and sensitive - Research Paper Example Regardless of how intelligent and emotional pigs are, humans still raise them as livestock and treat them in less than humane ways. This paradox lies in contradiction with a number of assumptions we hold about the world we share with our fellow creatures (Fudge). In spite of a popular concept of a pig as a filthy, mechanical being, scientists know pigs are capable of complex emotions and thoughts. The domestic pig belongs to the genus Sus, as classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. There are approximately 2 billion domestic pigs on the planet; they are remarkably social and intelligent animals. One of the first animals to be domesticated, domestic pigs can be made to perform any number of tricks and tasks. They are commonly raised for meat (or pork) as livestock and for leather. Inconsistent with popular perceptions of pigs, it is actually the case that the pig’s sensory life is filled with a mass of information, requiring the animal to interpret and filter it quickly in order to deal with the world. Quite acute, the pig’s sensory inputs include highly adept senses of sound, sight, touch, olfaction, and taste. Despite having a relatively poor sense of sound, pigs use verbal communications in a quite advanced way. Auditory signals and vocalizations convey complex sets of information between pigs, such as the sender’s identity (Held, Cooper and Mendl 48). For example, piglets recognize the grunts of their own mother. Like their sense of sound, pigs do not have a particularly strong sense of vision. Poor visual acuity and color discrimination in pigs suggest vision is only a secondary sense as the pig seeks out food. The domestic pig’s sense of touch is far more acute than either its sense of sound or sight. Pain, by definition, functions to bring attention to specific areas of tissue damage to protect an area of damage. There is a difference between short- and long-term pains; the

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Research Plan - Essay Example These trading companies, once in a foreign land, used to try influencing the ruling class in order to strengthen their business goals. Gradually these companies also succeeded in capturing power in those countries, thus giving rise to the practice of imperialism. This practice also led to many wars around the world resisting the imperialistic trends. But the recent trend is different from the imperialistic trends. Now the liberalisation policies have opened up the turf for competition from all around. With multinational companies reaching out to almost all parts of the world, the smaller domestic companies have started feeling the competition. To study this phenomenon we will; 2. How the e-business saga emerged in the developed world followed in quick succession by the developing world nations. Asian region and some of the so-called lesser developing nations have emerged as key players in this globalisation regime. E-Business or online business activities are closely linked to the process of industrialisation, computerisation, IT penetration and overall development of the country’s economy. Developed nations in the western world have played a leading role in such matters; therefore, it is quite natural that these economies played a key role in the development and proliferation of e-business activities. But as the profit margins started shrinking, the economies of scale coupled with the size of the available market started becoming major factors in carrying forward the e-business opportunities. The Asian region led by countries like China and India, with billions of population and an equally dependable IT infrastructure started attracting the multinational companies (MNCs). On the one hand these MNCs started depending on the Asian region for production of goods and services because of lower production costs, on the other hand the availability of huge market also became an

Pursuing Criminal Justice Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pursuing Criminal Justice Paper - Essay Example In order to ensure that the innocent person is protected against harm, the federal government has established various departments and structures to facilitate these duties, namely the courts of law, correctional facilities and other agencies, which are very independent. In the United States, it is very important to recognize the existence of a criminal justice agency. In every 50 states, this totals to 51 criminal agencies in the United States (William, 2011). Indeed, one cannot deny that justice is synonymous to law enforcement. Therefore, the law enforcing agencies are tasked to treat both the individuals encountered and perpetrators with utmost unfairness. This touches on the morality of the law enforcing agencies and their ability to enforce laws of the land while at the same time; they maintain a moral and honorable move. It is justice that encompasses upholding of right and respect of individual freedom by the law enforcers. The origin of the criminal justice, particularly in t he United States dates back to 1967 when the presidents’ commission mandated with the powers of law enforcement and administration of justice came up with a report called â€Å"The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society.† The report was seen by many as a ground-breaking since it provided more than 200 proposals in an approach towards fighting and prevention of crime (The National Commission on Terrorist Attack, 2011). This commission created a structural approach on criminal justice and among its recommendations was a methodology that would ensure coordination among the legal court systems, correctional agencies and law enforcement improve. It is this commission that tried to define criminal justice as the enforcing standard of conduct that could be significant to protecting communities and individuals from committing crimes. Moreover, the discipline of criminal justice dates back to 1920 with August Vollmer, the Berkley police chief, an established criminal justice depa rtment at the University of California. It was O.W. Wilson, a student of August Vollmer, who started and researched on the meaning of the criminal justice (The National Commission on Terrorist Attack, 2011). Throughout the evolution process of the criminal justice, its scope has included the additions or removals of certain forms of punishments. Precisely, policing has led to change in customs and rights of offenders that are considered among other transformations in the criminal justice system (Ritter, 2006). Essentially, it is of the best interest to promote justice in the society, having the knowledge of how many people have suffered as a result of the injustice. It is important to uphold the moral values of the professional law enforcement agencies, which demands that one remains partisan at all times and have the utmost sobriety when carrying out justice. This means that both the victims and the offenders have the right to fair treatment. Therefore, it is the responsibility of every stakeholder in the judicial system to make sure that proper legal procedures are set in place (Ritter, 2006). One can be able to achieve promotion of justice as a law enforcing agent, through the protection of the freedom of speech, affirmative action, gay rights, and gender rights, build anti-poverty and economic opportunities that would help the poor. In addition, ending the mandatory arbitration to provide legal

Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Essay This is an essay about a thirty year old woman called Molly who is a little bit anaemic, recently gave birth to her second born called Sebastian. Molly leaves with her husband called James and their three year old baby called Eric. The purpose and aim of this essay is to define health and health promotion, a brief discussion about Molly’s anaemic. The key concepts in this essay will be defined such as health and health promotion. A rational for my plan will also be discussed as well as the dimension of Molly’s health such as her biomedical model oh health, her psychological model of health, her social model of health and also her psychological factors which may affect her wellness such as cognitive factors, behavioural factors and environmental factors which can be use to enhance Molly and her family’s health. My rational for choosing to write about Molly is that, from research I did, I found out that anaemia is one of the most common pathological condition encountered in primary care. Its consequences, although mild in most cases, are potentially very sever. It was said in August 2009 that about 12,500 have anaemia, and in UK 1 in 7 children have mild iron deficiency anaemia. As this is due to the low red meat levels in our current diet, for similar reasons many women of menstruation age also iron deficient. First of all, health is the absence of illness, by Naidoo and Wills(2000), whilst Dines and Cridd (1993) argued that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity. However, the World Health Organisation (WHO 1998) defined as the extent to which an individual is able to realize expectations and fulfil needs and to change or cope with the environment. Personally I think being healthy , is the absence of illness. Blaxter (1990) undertook two studies on how various people defined their own health; one of a large side view of the population and one from a low social class disadvantaged families. She discovered that a negative definition of illness was used, among people defining health as the absence of diseases. However, there were clear differences between the various age groups and between sexes. Younger males likely to highlight issues linked to strength and fitness, while older males stressed mental well-being. Younger women focus on vitality and the ability to cope in various circumstances, while older women talk about satisfaction, but also include wider issues such as social relationships. Howlett et al. (1992) used Blaxter’s data in a more comprehensive examination of ethnic differences in defining health. Their results recommended that there were differences among the various ethnic groups, with people of Asian origin defining health in a practical or functional way, while people from African-Caribbean origin were more likely to include fundamentals of health, although the research outcome for the definition of health was not clear however, health is not a simple idea; but quite multifaceted, among different groups defining it different ways, this means that, some ethnics think that being physically fit means you are healthy whiles other ethnic groups also think that when a person is fit and mentally sick means to them that the person is unhealthy. According to the WHO (1998), health is a process of enabling individual to increase control over and improve their health. However, Tannahill (1996) explained health promotion in greater detail and defined health promotion as health education, health promotion and the prevention of illness. Health promotion is the prevention of ill health and the reduction in number known risk factors for disease, as well as the increase in social capital and the empowerment of individuals and communities. Empowerment is difficult to define and has been used to mean different things. Rissell (1994) (cited by Naidoo and Wills 2001) describes empowerment as the holy grail of health promotion, defining it as process through which people become strong enough to participate, share in the control of and influence events and institutions affecting their lives’ Tones (1995) (cited by Naidoo and Wills) argues that, for individuals to be empowered, they may need to acquire information or decision-making skills and has consistently argued that health education is the mainstay of population health promotion, health promotion will empower Molly to be aware of the dangers of his health. Promoting health therefore means focusing not just on preventing disease but also on people’s social and mental health, therefore health promotion may include preventive activities, education, community-based social action, the creation of healthy environments and policies for example: The recent health strategy for England, Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation (DOH, 1999), (cited by Naidoo and Wills 2001)â€Å"suggests that the public, the community and government has a role to play in health improvement and these roles has been identified as (a)Government and national players assessing risks, communicating these risks clearly to the public and ensuring supportive environments for health. b) Communities working in partnership with other agencies to provide better Information and services†. (Naidoo and Wills 2001 p280) The 1846 Public Health Act included that local authorities are require to provide clean water supplies and sewage disposable system, the no smoking policy in public areas etc. Tannahill (1985) (cited by Naidoo and Wills 2001) provided some examples of recognized expressive models of health promotion as prevention, health education and health protection. First and foremost, I will talk about Molly’s biomedical health which is Anaemia. Biomedical model of health and can be defined mainly as the absence of disease. â€Å"Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells (RBCs) is reduced or there is a reduction in the level of haemoglobin in the blood†. Molly acquired her anaemia in her pregnancy since anaemia is associated with pregnancy in a serious health problem; it is also an important public health problem worldwide and the most vulnerable group are pregnant women like Molly. Molly being anaemic could be her iron deficiency which is probably the most common and important because, the physiological changes associated with pregnancy exert a demand of additional iron, which is needed for foetus. Molly’s health can promoted here through health education by the health practitioners about the consumption of food that are rich in vitamins, minerals and elements specifically identified as therapeutic for this condition. This education can gradually help Molly promote her health. Because health education plays an important role in health promotions as it covers all aspect of activities that help improve the health status of people and their surroundings. Ewles and Sinnet (2003) suggested that health promotion is the action of empowering individuals to enable them takes control over their lives, in order to improve their health and lifestyle. Naidoo and will (2000), further add that health promotion is frequently seen as prevention of disease, often through targeting groups with an increased like hood of developing specific disease. The leaflet can be displayed at health clinic like GP surgeries, well woman clinic and hospital reception and wards so that health professionals can use it to educate, council, teach and empower women and also, be well informed. It can also be displayed at social clubs, schools and super markets so that everyone can get one and not necessarily go to their GP surgeries or hospital before being able to get one. The leaflet has been designed in a way that every individual will be able to read and understand. I believe it is very important to be brief and straight forward when designing a health promotion leaflet Again, I will look at her psychological model of health. This is post natal depression. Psychological health is the effect of the mind and the relationship between physical activity and general aspect of psychological well-being for example smoking, alcohol, diet, exercise etc. Molly’s postnatal depression can be of a combination of many factors. (Physical, psychological and social). Molly can be depressed in so many ways; one can be due to the fact that her having another baby will be the biggest physical, emotional and social factor she will ever experience. Molly preparing adequately to meet her new born baby can be difficult and sometimes laced with unrealistic expectation. If Molly’s expectations are not are not met and also caring for her new baby proves to be difficult, she will tend to blame herself. However the postnatal depression can make Molly depress if her baby experiences severe baby blues, or having difficulties in her marriage with her husband and or la ck of practical and emotional support or being the perfect mother and being ill prepared for the reality of parenting. Moreover, Molly having a negative birth experience, experiencing unexpected complication, like baby born prematurely or unwell and lastly her new born demanding, having difficulties in feeding, experiencing colic and or being frequently unsettled. all these factors will contribute to make Molly depress. Mollys health can be improving her through many different types of therapy and some of these are cognitive behavior therapy. This is where by a person thinks negatively about themselves. E.g. like I am a failure and no one loves me. It could be Mollys thinks negatively about herself. Also interpersonal therapy, psychologist and psychiatrist. Lastly, I will talk about her Social model of health which is isolation. the social model of health watchfully considers how bigger determinants than the occurrence or absence of disease have an impact on people’s health for example: poor housing, air pollution, poor drinking water leading to sickness like cholera. Some of these bigger determinants are a person’s culture and belief method or levels of relative income, access to housing, education achievement and opportunities as well as the wider environmental. Molly feels isolated due to the fact that she has got a new baby and would not get the chance to meet her friends and family as she used to do before. Below is a care plan done for Molly on how she can promote her health? Needs/problem|Health promotion Approach/strategy|Activity| Anaemia (Biomedical Health)| ·Identify the typical haemoglobin levels that define anaemia in children/adolescents and post-pubertal men and women. | ·Eating iron rich foods and red meat. ·To take vitamin B complex supplement.| Post natal depression (Psychological factor)| ·Assess individual to see if they are under stress, depressed or also thinking about suicidal.| ·Routine screening using the EPDS which is offered to delivered others prior to discharge.| Isolation (social factor)| ·Check individual risk factors | ·Reassurance ·Encouragement ·Empathy ·Empowerment| This care plan has been done on how Molly’s health can be improved. The Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2004) talks about promoting patients interest, by helping them gain access to their health care by providing them with the necessary information and support to their relevant needs, impact knowledge in order to develop skills and make an informed choice about their health behaviour (tones and tilford, 1994). Health promotion brings awareness of obesity and its associated health risks that cause early mortality. Most individual see the challenges to their need to change but refuse to because they don’t see the need to , due to still perceived advantages, in this case people need to be motivated to give some thoughts to enable them do something about their behaviour, and if possible set up an action plan with a possible reward system put in place to maintain a successful change in behaviour and to avoid relapse, though there may be occasional relapse to earlier stage (Prochashka and Diclemente, 1984). In summary, irrespective of health promotion strategies and models adopted, health promotion is an effective mean of educating, helping people understand their behaviour and how it can affect their health. This care plan can be useful tool to all health care professional involved in health promotion and because care plan alone cannot have the greatest impact on people behaviour. It is therefore important to advise them on the health risk associated with being anaemic and encourage them make their own choice for a healthier lifestyle. REFERENCES Becker M. (1974) The health belief model and personal behaviour. Throfare New Jersey: Slack. Berkman LF, Glass T. Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, eds. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford; 2000. Blaxter et al. (1996). How to research. Buckingham: Open University Press. Downie, R.S., Tannahill, C. Tannahill, A. (1996). Health promotion: models and values. (2nd ed). Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications. Ewles L, and Simnet I (2003) promoting Health ; A Practical Guide. 5th edition. Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall. House JS. Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1981. Kemm J, and Close A. (1995) Health Promotion: Theory and practice London: Macmillan press. Lincoln KS. Social Support, negative social interactions, and psychological well-being. Soc Serv Rev 2000;(June):231–552. Naidoo J, Wills J. (2000) Health Promotion Foundations for Practice. 2nd edition. London: Bailliere Tindall. Naidoo, J and Wills, J. (2001). Health promotion. Naidoo and Wills. Health studies An Introduction. London: PALGRAVE. P 275-290. Nurising and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of Professional Conduct. London: NMC Tones K, and Tilford S. (1994) Health Education: Effectiveness, Efficiency Chapman Hall. and Equity. 2nd edition. London: Chapman Hall. Umberson D. Family status and health behaviors: social control as a dimension of social integration. J Health Soc Behav1987;28: 306–19. World Health Organisation (1998) Education for Health, A Manul on Health Education in Primary Health Care. Geneva: WHO.

Law of Protection Business Information Critique

Law of Protection Business Information Critique A critique of the extent of implementing the law of protection business information in Europe and the U.S. Introduction Stealing secretive business information and economic espionages as a result of globalization reveals an increase in the involvement of many commercial blocks to protect business ideas, through a litigation process. Regional economic blocks such as the jurisdiction of the European Union through its Commission as well as the U.S. have increased an extent of laws, from the roots of the international law provisions, so that it can protect the business firms in their jurisdictions from the vices. An important thing to note is that business information regarding the intellectual properties is critical in the center for this discussion through four key areas namely the copyright issues, trademark issues, trade secrets and patent issues. Many of the states in the case study regions have come up with various pieces of law as well as definitions of the trade secrets that they protect which is enforceable throughout the world. The process that enables application of such laws involves the provisions by international treats which might lead to contractual agreements or guide multilateral and bilateral relations between states. Global bodies whose conventions are legally binding such as the United Nations also come up with regulations which, particularly, for the case, protect the way of business information and also trade secrets through the assent by signature to that body. The process of globalization makes many nations to realize the many problems that all states share. However, the capabilities and foreign policy elements of various jurisdictions are not equal. Also, if some of the nations decide to address the problems alone, they may not be able to come up with ways of protecting their citizens or firms in an international platform without the help of the rules guiding the relations between various states. Therefore, it is important that there are not only global bodies present for international protection but also institutions such as the legal departments that come up with the legislations. They should also be able to enforce it through statutory provisions in the conventions signed by parties on a voluntary basis. Ideally, no particular enforcement agency or body is independent in enforcing the laws but only possible with the help of the treaties. Some of the departments are given the directive to undertake certain duties for the purpose of prot ection of the states and their citizens against particular threats. In this case, theft and economic espionage have been on the rise prompting many nations to come up with the laws to protect firms and businesses from this global threat. With the increase in technology, some of the thefts take place even through online systems, such as cyber attacks, which might retrieve the nature of trade secrets regarding the nature of individual strategies of business operations to a particular company and use it for unfair competitive practices. The United Nations conventions also have the specific legislature which addresses this issue and which guides the formulation of constitutional laws by individual countries, to protect the trade secrets at an international level. The paper focuses on the nature and security of the business information, and trade secrets concerning the United States and Europe regarding nature and extent of which the particular countries involve their legal obligations in protecting companies from economic espionage and theft in a global market. Also, the paper will establish whether the recent increase in the litigation process to protect companies from the vices is as a result of the increasing number of the violation of the trade secrets law. The supportive arguments for this study will arise through the survey on the pieces of legislation by the case study countries. The focus is on how they utilize international law and the development of local legislations to guide the nature of business practice, protection of information and enhance fair competition amongst companies that face the threat of stealing trade secrets for their befit. Also, through concentration on the elements of intellectual property, the study will also involve the laws as well as the legal consequences of the violations of the provisions in each of the individual jurisdiction to establish the extent and seriousness of this problem. The purpose is to prove that the blocks are addressing the protection of trade secrets not only to their jurisdiction but also on the internationalization of business. The structure of this paper will involve the discourse on the definitions of the firm secrets by various laws and critical analysis, and assessment of the historical evolution of this principle at the international level. Also, it will conceptualize the law of trade secrets and a discussion of the legal complexities that surround its implementation. Further, the paper will look into the extent of application of the trade secrets principle while discussing the philosophies of intellectual property law in the individual jurisdictions. Lastly, the discussion will give examples of pro-plaintiff and pro-defendant cases as a trend arising from the implementation of trade secrets principle in the United States and Europe jurisdictions. Definitions of trade secrets under international laws and their historical evolutions Firstly, the treaties between states and the international laws are binding on member states due to the ratification and implementation of the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties of 1969[1].The law guides the nature of international relations and in particular contributes largely to the sources of international law in which, its violation has consequences and can be in prosecution in the international court of justice. The treaties also observe the principles of the litigation at a global level such the equal rights and self-determination by the United Nations, which ensures that the sovereignty of all states is equal despite the economic or development differences. On this realization, most of the definitions of trade secrets in the international level arise from such treaties that are binding on all members states in equal measure, especially the rules guiding the nature of conducting trade between countries. In particular, the membership of countries to the WTO is the foundation on the conventions. As an international body, therefore, special rules have to guide the relations of conducting trade between states and also fair practices that will enhance the peaceful relationship within countries. The ratification of the laws by the world trade organizations is as a result of the deliberations of member states regarding emerging problems such theft of trade secrets and economic espionage. Also, it involves coming up with a treaty containing pieces of law with the aid of legal experts that members debate on and agree to it for the purpose of its implementation. The first explanation of the principle by the WTO refers to the perspective through Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which views the principle to be commercial and private data that are uniquely applicable to the particular company[2].The law is in consideration as the first one to protect trade secrets at the international level through protecting undisclosed business information regarding copyrights, trademarks of firms, the patents issues and the trade secrets that may result in unfair competitions of businesses. Another important agreement that will also help define the trade secrets and constitute to its historical evolution in the international scene is the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property by the World Intellectual Property Organizations[3]. Defining trade secrets is similar among many countries which agree that the protection of this principle should have a practical value. In this case, it should involve the stakeholders of the organization and not an individual. They should not be made known to the public. Section seven of TRIPS in one of the articles by WTO outlines not only the law of protecting undisclosed information by business but also its definition. One of the definitions under this treaty by states that are members of WTO addresses the secrecy of the information. The provisions describe the protected information must be secret though the vice is not obsolete. In particular, an owner of a business can reveal the secrets to the firm partners and employee, but the information should not be readily available to the public. Also, those with the secrets should keep them that way on avoiding giving the knowledge to the public. The second aspect is the commercial value of the trade secrets. According to the agreement of TRIPS, private business information is a set of ideas about a business that has a massive market segment, and the protection of the information is to prevent the commercial information from other competing companies that may try to derive the utility out of the trade secrets. Lastly, the definition could be as a result of maintaining secrets using efforts that are reasonable. In this case, the law defines trade secrets as those who fulfill the energy requirement by company owners in protecting their information. The protection of the secret is due to reasons beyond such efforts by an individual that have to be reasonable. Some of the reasonable efforts according to the law, therefore, refer to common law in various countries requiring contractual agreements between the company and employees on the secrecy as well as the confidentiality notices so that the law could be able to protect the information. In an international scene, this consists of the efforts by the companies especially the multinational ones as well as the states of being reasonable and resulting to security provision of the business ideas. In the above definitions by the treaty, it does not offer the civil defense, especially to the technical information protection since it tends to only focus on the commercial perspective of the information. Also, the law does not protect the use information that might be confidential to a company that gets out to the public through fair means in the regular course of competitions primarily technical information such industrial designs. According to the TRIPS, the members of WTO, besides the obligation of the institution to protect commercial and confidential information, individual countries should place national systems to safeguard the businesses under their jurisdictions. However the failure of the treaty to set the standards or extent of the protection, the protection rights have the substantial variation which may even hinder internationalization of business. Some of the examples of such hindrances are the breaches of contract and acquisitions by third parties as a result of mis appropriation that differ across economic blocks around the world[4]. Articles 1 and 10bis of the Paris conventions regarding the industrial property protection is also about the TRIPS agreements as part of the scope of protecting trade secrets. In the article of the Paris conventions, for example, it outlines the requirement of a union in the member states for offering safety to the ownerships of valuable data to be in application. According to the section, the trade secrets include the object patents, industrial designs, trade names, and trademarks, as well as the models of the utility whose sharing with other people apart from the original innovators, may result in unfair practices in the competitive environment. On the other hand, Article 10bis of the same convention also indicates forms of unfair practices and the protection of the trade secrets from this threat. In particular, this law requires that the individual countries of the union should protect their citizens from the threat by legislating against unfair practices, confusion, false allegat ions or indications of misleading the public. The process concerns the nature of activities of the industrial use of products across all economic sectors[5]. Therefore the article addresses the protection of information from the view that trade secrets involve only the intellectual property. The convention also compliments the arguments by the TRIPS regarding the fact that apart from the provisions of the agreements, there is a need for the individual states also to establish national laws. The legislations enhance the protection of property for the business especially the ones protecting the theft of information that could lead to unfair completion if in the hand of competitors. Lastly, in addition to the protection of commercial and confidential information, this convention also gives consideration to technical information which is more critical and the one that builds brands of companies such as the Walmart retail businesses and Apple technologies among other big companies with a unique innovation and presence in the world. Conceptualization of trade secrets law Different states have different opinions regarding the premises of the legislation on providing protection to business concepts at risk. For example, to Europe, an English law on trade secrets is on the assumption breach of confidence regarding the trade secrecy. In the U.S., the premise of the protection law company secrecy is through protection of the business information. Some scholars do argue that no unified theory explains the trade secrets law but however recognizes that it is a collection of norms as well as approaches that offer protection to business information. Therefore, the normative and conceptual ideas indicate that the definition of property extends beyond the actual ownerships to include products as a result of innovation and forms of labor. Also, the rise in the global concern over the issue reveals that the need for protection of this kind of information is critical in enhancing the relations between states. Though other people may view trade secrets as not being property, the future developments of law that protect their rights facilitate the concept that the characteristics of the business information meet the ownership status. The concept goes even further through law provisions in some of the jurisdictions to indicate the fact that the supply of such rights constitutes a duty. For example in the US, the protection of this nature of business property through rights implies that the information has the potential of compensation under the federal constitution. On the other hand, European nations do not consider information as property but instead provide procedures and solutions to facilitate the claims of intellectual properties. Examples of such laws in the European states include the economics and trade secrets law. Therefore, there is the existence of the concept of trade secrecy among many nations. The was increasing efforts through conventions, as well as national legislation in individual states, shows the global concern of the consistent trait of the abuse of property rights under the law of various jurisdictions. The underlying reason, such as the increasing economic espionage cases and the efforts by the governments concern to respond to adverse effects of theft of business information that is confidential, shows that the concept exists. Besides, the consistent nature towards the traits through the consequences of globalization identifies the duty of the international bodies to come up with legally binding agreements. They protect companies from the character of this threat clearly shows the emergence of the concepts as well as the trend of the risk that changes with both levels of technology and internationalization of businesses which also require continued efforts of revising the law t o protect the ideation of the businesses from theft. Underlying philosophies of law on intangibles The discussions around trade secrets in most cases tend to involve the concept of copyright protection. Therefore, it is essential to understand the nature of the concept as well as the underlying principle to enhance the later discussion concerning the extent to which both the United States of America and Europe apply the law of trade secrets in their respective jurisdictions. Also, the basis of the case laws that show the pro-plaintiff and the pro-defendant is this concept especially after the implementation of particular laws in the region as a global trend today. Intellectual property refers to the inventions, creative works, and use of symbols, names or images that identify with a particular company for commercial purposes. On this basis, the intellectual property could be divided into industry ownership and copyright issues. Some of the problems associated with industrial properties include trademarks designs and geographical indications. On the other hand, copyright involves writings and artistic works, and architectural drawings. In some cases, performing artists such as singers have specific rights which relate to copyrighting. The same applies to recordings by both radio broadcasts and television programs among other examples that copyright their material to prevent other people from using the information without their permission which in most cases involve attaching a commercial value for the usage of the products. The intellectual property rights include the allowance of individuals as well as companies with unique information to benefit from their work or ideas regarding the commercial use of their products. Some universal treaties, such as the universal declaration of human rights in Article 27 outline some of these rights[6]. Also, apart from the Paris Convention for the protection of industrial property in the earlier discourse, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886 by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) also provides some of the rights[7]. Such incidences of protection of the kind of properties indicate that there are significant reasons why the world organizations should legislate to protect trade secrets. One of the reasons is that legal protection, especially to new creations in culture and technology, encourages many companies to come up with supportive measures such as additional resources for new products that will improve hum anity. Also, through this protection, the countries could experience faster economic growth, higher quality of life as well as opening up of the employment opportunities. Therefore, the protection creates a level of the interest of people with the idea and also the citizen concerns that many states serve. The occurrence of common problems through the globe also require the efforts of agreements such as through the convention to help protect the common international interests of member states since the occurrence of some of the problems such theft of information has no boundaries. Patents offer exclusive rights to inventions or technical solutions towards particular problems in most cases up to twenty years. They are necessary to provide incentives to the investors as recognition of their creativity and innovation. Patents offer protection that prevents the information from commercial production, distribution or use without consent from the owner. In this scenario, the courts enforce the protection of these rights. A patent holder could, therefore, have the exclusive right to give the information to anyone of their choice with particular confidential requirements of not sharing. Once the period expires, then the information can be free for use by the public. A trademark refers to a unique sign that is in the identification of a particular type of product.ÂÂ   The clients using the product have a relation with that particular sign. Other companies may try to copy the trademark as the way to create confusion within the customers and therefore, have an opportunity to make some of the clients to buy their products that result in unfair competition practices. Trademark protection, therefore, ensures that the owners have the rights of using the mark exclusively as a brand of their products. The courts determination also enforces the legal complexities surrounding the issues. They promote the recognition and financial gains by individuals or enterprises. They can consist of drawings, symbols, or numerical having distinguishing features. The registration of the trademarks is widespread in many countries, but however, in most cases, the impact of the brands might be restricted to the individual countries. A geographical indication is a particular location in which the product originates due to its reputation due to the place. For example, Arabian coffee or electrical appliances manufactured by the United Kingdom among others indicate that the location of that production is significant for the usage of the product. Some people might locally produce or make the products that constitute limitations for financial gain and unfair competition practices aimed at only making the profit using another companys geographical indicator. Some of the valuable reputations are vulnerable to misuse and are interpretation hence the need to protect them. In most cases, the protection is through national laws under other provisions of the law on rights. Also, WIPO through international agreements such as the Lisbon agreement and other meetings that allow member states to enhance international protection. The last one involves the copyrights where the owner of such rights can be able to prohibit or permit the use of their information that is of their originality. The examples of these applications may include a reproduction of content, public performance, broadcasting, language translation or adoption to other forms with the consent of the owner. The law applies to right from the production, distribution and to the end user of the products. The economic rights regarding the copyrights also allow companies to purchase some of the rights or give compensation for the use of the content by an individual or business such as through partnerships. In most cases, the nature of this relationship is through the directive of contractual agreements for enforcement by law[8]. The protection of the copyright rights enhances creativity and innovation. However, with the increasing technological advancement, some of the materials may be readily available through online platforms. Organizations such as the WIPO through the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCI) also provide the rights[9]. Also, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) provide the rights of using creative workers over the internet to as to protect the copyright of the owner regarding usability and economic compensations[10]. Critique of the extent of business information law in Europe Recently, protecting business ideas in Europe has made progress of legislative developments as a result of the involvement of the European Commission and ratification by the European Parliament. One of the major, legal arsenals of the industrial players in Europe is the use of patent law to protect their technology. Reports reveal concerns that the laws are not sufficient to address the problem of industrial espionage in the technological fields. In particular, the issue discusses the threat of leaking such information through former workers in companies, contractors or the other third parties. The legal complexities that both the industrial players and the European Union involve in are due to two primary reasons. The first reason is that recognition of the need to protect the trade secrets will help increase the levels of innovation in Europe and allow it to compete in an efficient manner with other jurisdictions having more protection such as the United States. The second reason is to provide a response to the increasing cases of stealing of technology within European businesses. One of the litigation to enhance the national laws is to strengthen the proposed directive which aims at breaching the gap through harmonization of existing laws. There is need to review the company laws will also help in increasing the research and development activities by balancing the leveling of the trade secret protection throughout the Europe countries to reach the same levels[11]. The formulation process is careful to ensure fair competition between various companies and the issue regarding the freedom of workers and their mobility in implementing it. Also, the legislation has to put into consideration the avoidance of restricting the independent contractors. The reasons include the fact that the scope of protection that goes beyond patent rights only and that trade secret do not only involve technological products but information with commercial value too. The need for the new legislation is the increase in the theft through digital platforms involving activities such as cyber-attacks that might potentially disclose the confidential information to the particular regarding a particular company. As a result, a report by European Commission study on secrecy off information of companies shows the use of the protection of the company secrets across all the European countries. Lastly, the definition of trade secrets as the know-how through the European Commission Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER) also requires review to widen the definition scope[12]. According to Article 1.1(i) of TTBER, trade secrets are not known or accessible, have strong use in production and contractual activities and not easily identified. Therefore, through the implementation of the litigation content, the nature of business practice will involve fairness, and positive development through better protection of the trade secrets. Critique of the extent of trade secrets in the US The United States is one of the most advanced countries regarding the protection of trade secrets through the international law application, the federal law and lastly the state law. In the US, the trade secret refers to confidential information that is also commercial which gives a substantial competitive advantage[13]. Some of the trade secrets include customer lists, marketing strategies, and pricing information. One of such secrets is the Coca-Cola formula for its products. Today, the trade secrets are increasingly becoming among the most significant valuable assets that are not tangible. The theft of these trade secrets leads to massive losses especially by the American firms to leaks by employees, foreign governments and lastly through corporate competitions. Most of the theft occurs through cyber-attacks, advanced technology, and communication devices which increase anonymity of the individuals or organizations behind the vice. In the United States, protecting information on companies lies in the jurisdiction regarding the law of states. However, the other elements such as patent information, trademarks and copyrights are a responsibility of the federal law. According to the state law, the owners of a trade secret could file lawsuits against the known individuals that misappropriate such information. In the federal law, statutes such as the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) 1996 many also protect through prosecution, in particular, a situation where the confidential information many benefit another foreign state, instruments or agent[14]. In a case where the information is for use in interstates, the law also applies in ensuring that the owner of that kind of information gets protected from the usage of that information without their consent. According to this law, the attorney general has a legal duty to bring to a civil action or obtain an injunction that is against any violation. However, it is difficult for the federal government to adequately protect the trade secrets whose owners are the US citizens. The reason is that the US department of justice, as well as the federal bureau of investigation, has less power regarding the enforcement of the law on violations of trade secrets. In particular, their investigative and prosecution duty is not in facilitation with the provisions of the law. However, through urging the Congress to adopt a more elaborate law including the federal trade secret law that is uniform across the states, it will allow dealing more effectively the problem of stealing trade secrets. The process could help most of the companies in the US to seek injunctions relief as well as the monetary benefit especially in cases in violating theft of the business information as well as assets. One of the legislations in the 114th Congress that will give the power of private action to the federal government includes the Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) (H.R. 3326 and S. 1890)[15].ÂÂ   The process is through a substitute amendment to the statute through the house senate judiciary committee in early 2016. The Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) of 1979 is the first effort by law through the National Conference of Commissioners on uniform state law before the effort by the federal government of the espionage act[16]. Regarding the state laws, the law of the common torts applies for cases involving misappropriation. The UTSA helps through consolidating the universal laws that Forty-seven states have adopted. The Senate Judiciary Committee continues to increase in the application of procedural and substantive standards towards protection of trade secrets. Enforceable laws under the federal government that will protect secrecy of the ideas of business the Trade Secrets Act and the Economic Espionage Act[17]. The first one involves a warning to government officials not to disclose information that is confidential as well as trade secrets enacted in 1948. The consequences could lead to removal from office. On the other hand, the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 is to address increasing threats to the US businesses hence the scheme to protect trade secrets. The act involves two offenses which include stealing business data to make gains to another states organization or individual and also the trade secret theft for a financial benefit of another party. Lastly, through the international law, the United States offers a more elaborate legal protection of the trade secrets. The US complies with the provisions of TRIPS as well as the provisions of the WTO[18]. Also, through provisions of other bilateral or multilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are significant in the protection of the intellectual property through the delivery of TRIPS agreement[19]. Pro-Plaintiff or Pro-Defendant Trends Arising From the Implementati

The Crucible by Nicholas Hytner :: Movie Review, Film

This captivating screen version of The Crucible is based on Arthur Miller’s play in 1953. Nicholas Hytner did an excellent job at directing this movie. There are a few faults in the film, but overall it was a wonderful movie. The first fault in the movie was the beginning scene. The scene was supposed to be a night scene. But it looks as if it was early morning. I think Hytner shot the scene during the day and tried to use the night vision but it did not work so well. Another bad scene was when the girls are supposed to faint in the courtroom. The scene was poorly directed and acted. Bob Crowley did a great job with the designing of the costumes. They completely fit with the scenery and the setting. The music was also a plus with this film. It always fit in every scene. The base drumbeats were timed just right in the scene when Elizabeth is questioned about John being an adulterer. Right when she gave her answer the drum went, â€Å"BOOOM!† The camera always seemed to be in just the right place at all times. The cameraman shot every angle perfectly. He caught every person’s reaction, such as in the scene when John admits to lechery with Abigail. First he catches Abigail’s reaction to John’s admittance of this, and then he also catches Reverend Parris’s reaction when the Judge is talking about the girls dancing in the woods. The lighting worked very well in Elizabeth’s scene with the judge. Right before she states her answer, Hytner makes the rain go away and the sun come out and across the back wall of the courtroom. It makes the audience think that something good is about to happen, as if she was going to tell the truth and all the trials were going to stop. One character that stuck out to me is Winona Ryder as Abigail. She has a look of lust. Her eyes show deep sexual passion every time she looks at John Proctor. Ryder’s looks are very intimidating. In the scene when she threatens the girls, not only does her threat, â€Å"†¦let anyone breathe a word or the edge of a word about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring with me a pointy reckoning that will shudder you.

An Account of the Nicaraguan Revolution :: Free Essays Online

An Account of the Nicaraguan Revolution 1. Augusto Cesar Guerra's dark eyes suddenly lose the cordial and pragmatic aspect they had sustained during the initial minutes of our conversation. His gaze then slowly shifts from my own eyes to the ceiling and, not being fixed on a specific point, it begins to drift, seemingly toward a region by far removed from the present place and time. 2. â€Å"So you want to know about the Revolution,† he utters as if from a distance, his appearance acquiring a thoughtful expression that unveils a man who, asked to recall unsettling events, is forced to evoke the pain caused by wounds healed long before. 3. Guerra then becomes silent, apparently overwhelmed by his memories, and I fix my stare upon him: I notice a bronzed complexion despite the recent Washington, D.C winter, which he's endured in its entirety; a thick body defied by a slim face, motionless beneath dark, black hair, cut somewhat short yet curling amply on the top of his head; a dense beard stemming from the sideburns that leaves uncovered only the top of his cheeks, which are made to protrude somewhat by the bones beneath the fairly darkened skin. As I stare at the man in front of me, I can't help but think of the mix of the races that, Centuries before, created the essence of our Continent: a blend between the European Southerners, already permanently touched by the Mediterranean sun, and a Civilization of candid primitives who welcomed their guests without knowing their own benevolence would cause the downfall of their gods and their ways. I then look around me, notice the frames hanging on the wall of El Tamarindo, an Adams Morgan Salvadorean restaurant, and, like Guerra, am taken elsewhere: I see immense Churches, modeled after those in Spain and towering from the center of a village â€Å"plaza† frequented by the short descendants of the great tribes; a fisherman in a canoe built out of rotting wood whose smile reveals a wise and ageless simplicity; the ancient designs carefully worked upon the fine cloth of a hammock; the rich fruits that are unique to our soil; the Caribbean's crystalline blue and emerald serenity; all visions that rekindle the element of a previous life that I suspect most of us who have migrated from the South are at some point forced to relinquish. An Account of the Nicaraguan Revolution :: Free Essays Online An Account of the Nicaraguan Revolution 1. Augusto Cesar Guerra's dark eyes suddenly lose the cordial and pragmatic aspect they had sustained during the initial minutes of our conversation. His gaze then slowly shifts from my own eyes to the ceiling and, not being fixed on a specific point, it begins to drift, seemingly toward a region by far removed from the present place and time. 2. â€Å"So you want to know about the Revolution,† he utters as if from a distance, his appearance acquiring a thoughtful expression that unveils a man who, asked to recall unsettling events, is forced to evoke the pain caused by wounds healed long before. 3. Guerra then becomes silent, apparently overwhelmed by his memories, and I fix my stare upon him: I notice a bronzed complexion despite the recent Washington, D.C winter, which he's endured in its entirety; a thick body defied by a slim face, motionless beneath dark, black hair, cut somewhat short yet curling amply on the top of his head; a dense beard stemming from the sideburns that leaves uncovered only the top of his cheeks, which are made to protrude somewhat by the bones beneath the fairly darkened skin. As I stare at the man in front of me, I can't help but think of the mix of the races that, Centuries before, created the essence of our Continent: a blend between the European Southerners, already permanently touched by the Mediterranean sun, and a Civilization of candid primitives who welcomed their guests without knowing their own benevolence would cause the downfall of their gods and their ways. I then look around me, notice the frames hanging on the wall of El Tamarindo, an Adams Morgan Salvadorean restaurant, and, like Guerra, am taken elsewhere: I see immense Churches, modeled after those in Spain and towering from the center of a village â€Å"plaza† frequented by the short descendants of the great tribes; a fisherman in a canoe built out of rotting wood whose smile reveals a wise and ageless simplicity; the ancient designs carefully worked upon the fine cloth of a hammock; the rich fruits that are unique to our soil; the Caribbean's crystalline blue and emerald serenity; all visions that rekindle the element of a previous life that I suspect most of us who have migrated from the South are at some point forced to relinquish.

Metaphysical Conceit in the Poetry of John Donne Essay examples -- Bio

Metaphysical Conceit in the Poetry of John Donne      Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of John Donne's poems contain metaphysical conceits and intellectual reasoning to build a deeper understanding of the speaker's emotional state. A metaphysical conceit can be defined as an extended, unconventional metaphor between objects that appear to be unrelated. Donne is exceptionally good at creating unusual unions between different elements in order to illustrate his point and form a persuasive argument in his poems. By using metaphysical conceits in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning," Donne attempts to convince his love (presumably his wife) that parting is a positive experience which should not be looked upon with sadness. In the first stanza, Donne compares the speaker's departure to the mild death of virtuous men who pass on so peacefully that their loved ones find it difficult to detect the exact moment of their death. Their separation must be a calm transition like this form of death which Donne describes. The poet writes, "let us melt, and make no noise"(line 5). Cavanaugh explains that the word "melt" refers to a change in physical state and says that "the bond of the lovers will dissolve quietly like the soul of a dying man separating from his body"(par. 5). I do not entirely agree with Cavanaugh's idea that the lovers' bond will dissolve, but I do agree that there is a change in physical state. The bond will still be present, only altered because of the absence of a physical presence. The next conceit that is used by Donne is based on the Ptolemaic view of the universe as being divided into moving spheres. This obsolete fact would only be known by individuals who were well educated, as Donne obviously was. Donne's allusion to the studies... ...Donne, it can be seen that although every poem is unique, there are specific elements that are common in all of them. Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1993. Cavanaugh, Cynthia A. "The Circle of Souls in John Donne's A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning." The Luminarium. 1999. ( 3 December 1999) Donne, John. "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning." Abrams, 1093-1094. Donne, John. "A Valediction: Of Weeping." Abrams, 1089. Donne, John. "The Indifferent." Abrams, 1085-1086. Donne, John. "The Flea." Abrams, 1090-1091. Mourgues, Odette De. Metaphysical, Baroque and Precieux Poetry. Folcroft, PA: The Folcroft Press, Inc., 1969. "Venus, of Greek Religion." The 1997 Canadian Encyclopedia Plus. CD-ROM. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1996.

Thesis: Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Standard Hotels

ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus Pasay City PRACTICES ON ACCOMMODATION AND HOUSEKEEPING IN SELECTED STANDARD HOTELS LOCATED WITHIN MANILA: AN ASSESSMENT A Thesis Proposal Presented to The FACULTY OF ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus, Pasay City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management By: Monica Trisha Amistad Katherine Kay Ann Blancaflor Cathy Magsanay Kriszhane Manalac October 2011 ARELLANO UNIVERSITY Jose Abad Santos Campus Pasay City APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Hotel, Restaurant, and Institution Management, this thesis entitled: â€Å"Practices on Accommodation and Housekeeping in Selected Standard Hotels Located Within Manila: An Assessment† has been prepared and submitted by the following researchers Monica Trisha Amistad Katherine Kay Ann Blancaflor Cathy Magsanay Kriszhane Manalac who are hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for final oral examination RAQUEL L. SALVADOR, DBA Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved and accepted during an oral final defense held on September 17, 2011 with the rating of % CHAIRPERSON Member Member ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. First and foremost, our utmost gratitude to Dr. Raquel Salvador, our Adviser whose sincerity and encouragement we will never forget. Dr. Salvador has been our inspiration as we hurdle all the obstacles in the completion of this research work. Last but not the least, our family and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for answering our prayers and for giving us the strength to plod on despite our wanting to give up and throw in the towel, thank you so much Dear Lord. M. T. D. A. K. K. A. T. B. C. S. M. K. P. M TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APPROVAL SHEET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iv LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v CHAPTER I The Problem and its Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Background of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Conceptual Paradigm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Scope and Limitation of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Significance of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Foreign Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Local Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 Foreign Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 32 Local Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Relevance of the Related Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 37 CHAPTER III Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 39 Research Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 39 Sampling Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 39 Instrumentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 40 Procedure in Gathering Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 41 Statistical Treatment of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 42 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 44 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 47 Curriculum Vitaeâ⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 ABSTRACT TITLE: â€Å"Practices on Accommodation and Housekeeping in Selected Standard Hotels Located Within Manila: An Assessment† STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The study will undertake the Assessment on the Practices in Accommodation and Housekeeping in selected Standard Hotels located within Manila. Specifically, the study will seek to answer the following subproblems: 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents? 2. 1 Age 2. 2 Gender 2. 3 Civil Status 2. 4 Educational Background 2. What factors can hamper the effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of Accommodation and Housekeeping practices? 3. 5 Time 3. 6 Motivation 3. 7 Interrelationship with fellow employees 3. 8 Availability of equipments and materials 3. 9 Working environment 3. 10 Flexibility 3. What are the standard practices as regards to the Accommodation and Housekeeping Department? 4. Is there any significant difference between the implemented housekeeping and accommodation practices in the industry and the standard Housekeeping and Accommodation practices imposed by the Department of Tourism? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY: This study will be beneficial to the following: The Hotel Industry. The findings of this study may provide the hospitality industry an updated output concerning the trends in the accommodation and housekeeping sector of this vast industry both private and government subsidized hotels. The Hotel Management. This study will provide the hotel management the current trends in the hospitality industry that will aid in formulating better strategies in comparison to its competitors. The Housekeeping Employees. This study will give the housekeeping employees further knowledge as regards to the guest preferences when it comes to accommodation facilities and cleanliness. The HRM Students of Arellano University. The findings of this study can serve as a valuable addition to the pool of research materials available in the university, serving as a reference material for those wanting to conduct similar studies in the future. The Researchers. Not only will the researchers gain substantial information through this study, but they will also partially fulfil the subject requirements for their course. RESEARCH METHOD USED: Research Method Used: Descriptive Method of Research Respondents: 45 respondents comprising of personnel in the Housekeeping Department of the three selected Standard Hotels within Manila. Data Gathering Instrument Used: Survey Questionnaires and Observation Survey Questionnaires will be the primary source of data for this study. The Questionnaires were divided into 2 parts. The first part revealed the demographic profile of the respondents (role in the Housekeeping Department, age, gender, civil status and highest educational attainment). The second part revealed how the respondents perceived time, motivation, interrelationship with fellow employees and other factors as an agent that hampers the effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of Housekeeping practices. Furthermore, the second part of the questionnaire will also reveal if the Housekeeping and Accommodation standards of the industry is strictly tended for by the Standard Hotels. Upon submitting the survey forms to the hotels, the researchers had facility observations which supplemented the data derived from the survey. PROCEDURES FOR GATHERING DATA For Descriptive Research, the following steps were undertaken: 1. Researchers will look for and collect references from the University Library which will serve as a guide in the formulation of survey questionnaires. 2. An approved and signed letter asking for permission to conduct a study to the 3 selected Standard Hotels located within Manila. Submitted together with the letter are the survey questionnaires to be answered by the personnel in the Housekeeping Department and will be collected 4 days after. 3. Upon retrieval of questionnaires, the results will be tabulated, interpreted and analyzed. 4. Evaluation and Finalization